فتوحات الدولة الإسلامية حتى آخر عهد الخلفاء الراشدين رضي الله عنهم أجمعين
الفتوحات الاسلاميه
حُرُوبُ الرِّدَّةِ (11 هـ/632 م)
سَيَّرَ أَبُو بَكرٍ الجُيُوشَ لِمُحَارَبَةِ المُرتَدِّينَ وَالمُمتَنِعِينَ عَن أَدَاءِ الزَّكَاةِ، فَخَاضَت مَعَارِكَ ضَارِيَةً اِنتَهَت بِالقَضَاءِ نِهَائِيًّا عَلَى حَرَكَةِ الرِّدَّةِ وَرُضُوخِ المُرتَدِّينَ.
The Wars against the Apostates (11 A.H./632 A.D.) : Abu Bakr set out many Muslim armies to confront the apostates and those who refused to pay the Zakah (alms). The Muslim forces, being well-deployed, were successful in completing their task and eliminating the apostates.
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غَزوَةُ أُحُد (3 هـ/625 م)
تَوَجَّهَت قُرَيشٌ بِأَجنَادِهَا وَأَحلَافِهَا لِغَزوِ المُسلِمِينَ لِتَثأَرَ لِقَتلَاهَا فِي وَقعَةِ بَدرٍ وَالتَقَت مَعَهُم عَلَى سَفحِ جَبَلِ أُحُد وَاستَطَاعَ المُسلِمُونَ تَحقِيقَ النَّصرِ فِي البِدَايَةِ وَلَكِن عِندَمَا خَالَفُوا أَوَامِرَ الرَّسُولِ وَتَرَكُوا أَمَاكِنَهُم أَدَّى ذَلِكَ إِلَى حُدُوثِ ثَغرَةٍ فِي جَيشِ المُسلِمِينَ وَتَمَكَّنَ مِنهُم مُشرِكُو قُرَيشٍ.
The Battle of Uhud (3 A.H./625 A.D.) : The Quraish marched out of Mecca for revenge for their defeat at Badr. The Muslim army was encamped at Mount Uhud. The Muslims were victorious in the beginning, but when the archers left their positions, the tide of the battle turned, and the polytheists of the Quraish escaped the defeat.
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غَزوَةُ الأَبوَاءِ (2 هـ/624 م)
تُعتَبَرُ هَذِهِ الغَزوَةُ أَوَّلَ غَزوَةٍ لِلرَّسُولِ يَغزُوهَا فِي الإِسلَامِ، وَقَد فُرِضَ الجِهَادُ فِي الإِسلَامِ لِأَحَدِ أَمرَينِ: إِمَّا لِلدِّفَاعِ عَن النَّفسِ وَالعِرضِ وَالمَالِ وَالوَطَنِ، وَإِمَّا لِلدِّفَاعِ عَن الدَّعوَةِ إِلَى اللَّهِ إِذَا وَقَفَ أَحَدٌ فِي سَبِيلِهَا بِتَعذِيبِ مَن آمَنَ بِهَا أَو بِصَدِّ مَن أَرَادَ الدُّخُولَ فِيهَا أَو بِمَنعِ الدَّاعِي مِن تَبلِيغِهَا قَالَ تَعَالَى "وَقَاتِلُوا فِي سَبِيلِ اللَّهِ الَّذِينَ يُقَاتِلُونَكُم وَلَا تَعتَدُوا إِنَّ اللَّهَ لَا يُحِبُّ المُعتَدِينَ"، وَقَد شُرِعَ الجِهَادُ فِي السَّنَةِ الثَّانِيَةِ مِن الهِجرَةِ بَعدَ أَن اِشتَدَّ أَذَى قُرَيشٍ لِلمُسلِمِينَ وَوُقُوفِهَا فِي طَرِيقِ الدَّعوَةِ لِلإِسلَامِ فَأَنزَلَ اللَّهُ آيَةَ تَشرِيعِ الجِهَادِ "أُذِنَ لِلَّذِينَ يُقَاتَلُونَ بِأَنَّهُم ظُلِمُوا وَإنَّ اللَّهَ عَلَى نَصرِهِم لَقَدِيرٌ"، وَفِي تِلكَ السَّنَةِ خَرَجَ الرَّسُولُ مِن المَدِينَةِ غَازِيًا وَاستَعمَلَ عَلَى المَدِينَةِ سَعدَ بنَ عُبَادَة َ حَتَّى بَلَغَ ودان يُرِيدُ قُرَيشًا وَبَنِي ضَمرَةَ فَوَادَعَ بَنِي ضَمرَةَ ثُمَّ رَجَعَ إِلَى المَدِينَةِ.
The Expedition of Al-Abwa (2 A.H./624 A.D.) : This was the first expedition led by the Messenger in the Islamic era. Jihad [Fighting in the Cause of Allah] has been instituted by Islam for one of two reasons: first, to defend Muslims, their women, property or country; and second, to defend the Call to Allah if it is obstructed by someone; if the believers are persecuted; or if the preachers are impeded from conveying their call. Allah the Almighty says in the Holy Quran, "Fight in the cause of Allah those who fight you, but do not transgress limits; for Allah loveth not transgressors." (Surah Al-Baqarah, No. 2, verse 190). The obligation of Jihad was instituted in the second year after the Hijrah when the Quraish continued its hostility to the new religion, persecuting the believers and stopping in the way to the spread of Islam. The permission to fight was initialized by the Quranic verse, "To those against whom war is made, permission is given (to fight), because they are wronged; and verily, Allah is Most Powerful for the ir aid." (Surah Al-Hajj, No. 22, verse 39). The Prophet (peace be upon him) left Medina - appointing Sa`d bin `Ubadah as his deputy - and headed to the Quraish and Banu Damrah. He mad a treaty with the Banu Damrah.
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غَزوَةُ الحُدَيبِيَةِ (6 هـ/628 م)
مَنَعَت قُرَيشٌ النَّبِيَّ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ مِن دُخُولِ مَكَّةَ عِندَمَا جَاءَهَا مُعتَمِرًا وَمَعَهُ أَكثَرُ مِن 1400 مُسلِمٍ فَتَوَقَّفَ النَّبِيُّ فِي الحُدَيبِيَةِ وَأَرسَلَ عُثمَانَ لِلتَّفَاوُضِ مَعَهُمُ وَعِندَمَا تَأَخَّرَ عُثمَانُ عَن العَودَةِ ظَنَّ المُسلِمُونَ أَنَّ قَرَيشًا قَتَلَتهُ فَاستَعَدَّ الرَّسُولُ لِحَربِهِم فَبَايَعَهُ مَن مَعَهُ مِن المُسلِمِينَ عَلَى المَوتِ ثُمَّ مَا لَبِثَ أَن عَادَ عُثمَانُ وَتَمَّ الصُّلحُ مَعَ قُرَيشٍ.
The Expedition of Al-Hudaibiah (6 A.H./628 A.D.) : The Prophet (peace be upon him) and about 1400 of his followers headed for Mecca to perform `Umrah (Minor Pilgrimage). The polytheists of Mecca prepared to block the peaceful party from performing the `Umrah. The Prophet sent `Uthman bin `Affan as his envoy to the Quraish. However, the Quraishs capture of `Uthman led the Prophet (peace be upon him) to mobilize an army to fight them. Mediation efforts resulted in the Hudaibiah Treaty between the Quraish and Muhammad (peace be upon him).
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غَزوَةُ الخَندَقِ (5 هـ/627 م)
وَفِيهَا جَمَعَت قُرَيشٌ أَحلَافَهَا وَأَحزَابَهَا مِن القَبَائِلِ وَقَدِمَت المَدِينَةَ بِجَيشٍ عَظِيمٍ، وَقَد اِنضَمَّ إِلَيهَا يَهُودُ بَنِي قُرَيظَةَ وَلَم يَتَمَكَّن أَحَدٌ مِن اِقتِحَامِ المَدِينَةِ، وَصَدَّهُم عَنهَا خَندَقٌ حَفَرَهُ المُسلِمُونَ حَولَهَا.
The Battle of Al-Khandaq (the Trench) (5 A.H./627 A.D.) : The Quraish launched another attack on Medina to suppress the rising power of the Prophet and his followers. They allied with several Arab tribes in Hijaz. The Muslims dug a trench at the northern edge of Medina to protect the city. The polytheists could not penetrate the trench and went back in failure.
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غَزوَةُ السَّوِيقِ (ذُو الحِجَّةِ 2 هـ)
بَلَغَ النَّبِيَّ أَنَّ أَبَا سُفيَانَ جَهَّزَ حَملَةً لِحَربِ المُسلِمِينَ وَالِانتِقَامِ مِنهُم لِوَقعَةِ بَدرٍ، فَخَرَجَ النَّبِيُّ لِطَلَبِهِ حَتَّى إِذَا بَلَغَ (قرقرة الكدر) كَانَ أَبُو سُفيَانَ قَد عَادَ بِقَومِهِ إِلَى مَكَّةَ وَطَرَحَ صَحبُهُ مَا كَانُوا يَحمِلُونَ مِن سَوِيقٍ (زَادٍ) لِيَتَخَفَّفُوا مِنهُ طَلَبًا فِي النَّجَاةِ.
The Expedition of Al-Sawiq (2 A.H.) : It was reported to the Messenger that Abu Sufyan was preparing to attack the Muslims to take revenge after the defeat of the Quraish at the Battle of Badr. The Prophet made his preparation to meet them but when he reached Qarqarat Al-Kadr, he found that Abu Sufyan and his troops had retreated back to Mecca, leaving behind some of their provisions.
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غَزوَةُ بَدر (2 هـ/624 م)
أَمَرَ الرَّسُولُ فِي العَامِ الثَّانِي لِلهِجرَةِ بِاعتِرَاضِ قَافِلَةٍ لِقُرَيشٍ مَارَّةٍ بِنَاحِيَةِ المَدِينَةِ نَظَرًا لِتَعَسُّفِهِم الشَّدِيدِ مَعَ المُسلِمِينَ، فَجَهَّزَت قُرَيشٌ أَلفَ مُقَاتِلٍ وَخَرَجَت بِهِم نَاحِيَةَ الشَّمَالِ لِمُلَاقَاةِ المُسلِمِينَ بِبَدرٍ، عَلَى الرَّغمِ مِن أَنَّ جَيشَ قُرَيشٍ بَلَغَ ثَلَاثَةَ أَضعَافِ المُسلِمِينَ إِلَّا أَنَّ المُسلِمِينَ اِنتَصَرُوا عَلَى قُرَيشٍ اِنتِصَارًا عَظِيمًا.
The Battle of Badr (2 A.H./624 A.D.) : The Battle of Badr took place between the Quraish and the Muslims near the Well of Badr, which was located near Mecca. The Prophet decided that interrupting the trade of the Quraish would be an effective counterattack to their aggression against Muslims. He commanded the capture of a Quraish trade caravan passing near Medina, but the leader of the caravan, Abu Sufyan, managed to escape and called for assistance. The Quraish gathered over one thousand soldiers who marched north to confront the Muslims at Badr. Though the army of the Quraish was three times the size of the Muslim army, they were defeated and the Muslims achieved a glorious victory.
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غَزوَةُ بَنِي قُرَيظَةَ (5 هـ/627 م)
تَوَجَّهَ النَّبِيُّ صَلَّى اَللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ لِغَزوِ بَنِي قُرَيظَةَ لِنَقضِهِم عَهدَ النَّبِيِّ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ بِمُحَالَفَتِهِم قُرَيشًا فَحَاصَرَهُم فَاستَسلَمُوا وَطَلَبُوا أَن يَنزِلُوا عَلَى حُكمِ حَلِيفِهِم سَعدِ بنِ مُعَاذٍ فَقَضَى بِقَتلِ رِجَالِهِم وَسَبيِ نِسَائِهِم وَذَرَارِيهِم.
The Battle of Banu Quraizhah (5 A.H./627 A.D.) : The Messenger (peace be upon him) launched this battle to take revenge on the Banu Quraizhah who betrayed the Messenger and allied with the Quraish at the Battle of the Trench. The Messenger attacked and seized them. They were obliged to surrender and agree on the verdict of Sa`d bin Mu`adh - who was their ally. Sa`ds verdict was to kill their warriors and capture their women and children.
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غَزوَةُ تَبُوك (9 هـ/630 م)
جَهَّزَ الرَّسُولُ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ جَيشًا كَبِيرًا وَسَارَ بِهِ نَحوَ مُؤتَةَ يُرِيدُ أَن يَثأَرَ لِمَا حَلَّ بِالمُسلِمِينَ فِيهَا، وَلَمَّا وَصَلَ هَذَا الجَيشُ الكَبِيرُ إِلَى مَدِينَةِ تَبُوك وَعَسكَرَ فِيهَا وَعَلِمَ الرُّومُ بِقُدُومِهِ رَاعَهُم لِقَاءُ هَذَا الجَيشِ الكَبِيرِ وَتَحَصَّنُوا دَاخِلَ بِلَادِهِمُ، فَاكتَفَى الرَّسُولُ بِمَا أَحدَثَهُ مِن رَهبَةٍ دَاخِلَ قُلُوبِ الرُّومِ، وَعَقَدَ بَعضَ المُعَاهَدَاتِ مَعَ مُدُنِ الحُدُودِ عَلَى أَن يَبقَوا فِي أَرَاضِيهِم وَلَهُم حُرِّيَةُ العِبَادَةِ فِي مُقَابِلِ أَن يَدفَعُوا الجِزيَةَ.
The Battle of Tabuk (9 A.H./630 A.D.) : The Prophet (peace be upon him) gathered a great army and marched to Mutah. The army arrived at Tabuk and camped there. When the Byzantines were informed about this powerful army, they feared to encounter it and preferred to seek the protection inside their forts. Having intimidated the enemy and displayed the Muslim power, the Prophet (peace be upon him) concluded some treaties with bordering cities to the effect that they would stay in their land and enjoy freedom of religion in return for paying Jizyah [Tribute]. Then the Prophet went triumphantly back to Medina.
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غَزوَةُ حُنَينٍ (8 هـ/630 م)
التَقَى المُسلِمُونَ بِقِيَادَةِ النَّبِيِّ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ وَهَوَازِن بِقِيَادَةِ مَالِكِ بنِ عَوفٍ فِي وَادِي حُنَينٍ، فِي بِدَايَةِ المَعرَكَةِ كَادَ المُسلِمُونَ أَن يَنهَزِمُوا لَولَا ثَبَاتُ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ وَأَصحَابِهِ، وَانتَهَت المَعرَكَةُ بِانتِصَارِ المُسلِمِينَ نَصرًا مُبِينًا.
The Battle of Hunain (8 A.H./630 A.D.) : The Muslims, commanded by the Prophet, fought the Hawazin, commanded by Malik bin `Auf, at the Valley of Hunain. At first the Muslims were about to be defeated. However, the Prophet and the true believers proved patient and steadfast in fight, and they were victorious in the end.
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غَزوَةُ خَيبَر (7 هـ/628 م)
تَوَجَّهَ الرَّسُولُ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ لِغَزوِ يَهُودِ خَيبَر لِإِثَارَتِهِم الأَعرَابَ عَلَى المُسلِمِينَ فَفَتَحَهَا ثُمَّ صَالَحَ أَهلَهَا وَأَبقَاهُم فِي أَرَاضِيهِم عَلَى أَن يَدفَعُوا لَهُ الجِزيَةَ.
The Battle of Khaibar (7 A.H./628 A.D.) : The Prophet (peace be upon him) marched to the Jews at Khaibar because they incited some tribes against the Muslims. He conquered their city and concluded a treaty with the Jews of Khaibar to the effect that they would stay in their lands in return for paying Jizyah [tribute].
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غَزوَةُ دَومَةِ الجَندَلِ(5 هـ/627 م)
وَصَلَ إِلَى عِلمِ النَّبِيِّ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ أَنَّ بِدَومَةِ الجَندَلِ جَمعًا عَظِيمًا يُرهِبُونَ مَن يَمُرُّ بِهِم، فَخَرَجَ الرَّسُولُ بِأَلفٍ مِن المُسلِمِينَ حَتَّى وَصَلَ إِلَيهِمُ فَلَمَّا بَلَغَهَا تَفَرَّقَت الجُمُوعُ وَعَادَ إِلَى المَدِينَةِ.
The Battle of Daumat Al-Jandal (5 A.H./627 A.D.) : The Prophet was informed that some troops were attacking anyone who passed through Daumat Al-Jandal, so he went there with a thousand Muslims to fight them, but they fled away and the Messenger returned back to Medina.
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غَزوَةُ ذَاتِ الرِّقَاعِ (4 هـ/625 م)
وَفِيهَا تَوَجَّهَ النَّبِيُّ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ بِحَملَةٍ لِغَزوِ قَبِيلَتَي غَطفَانَ وَبَنِي سُلَيمٍ لِغَدرِهِم بِبَعثَةٍ كَانَ النَّبِيُّ أَرسَلَهَا إِلَى نَجد لِتَعلِيمِ أَهلِهَا شَعَائِرَ الإِسلَامِ فَقَتَلُوا أَكثَرَهَا وَلَم يَكُن بَينَ النَّبِيِّ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ وَبَينَهُم قِتَالٌ فِي تِلكَ الغَزوَةِ.
The Battle of Dhat Al-Riqa` (4 A.H./625 A.D.) : The Prophet commanded an expedition to the tribes of Ghatfan and Banu Sulaim as a reaction for their killing of most of the teaching mission he sent to them. Warriors of the two parties met but no fight took place.
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غَزوَةُ ذَاتِ السَّلَاسِلِ (12 هـ/633 م)
سَارَ الجَيشُ المُسلِمُ بِقِيَادَةِ خَالِدِ بنِ الوَلِيدِ إِلَى العِرَاقِ وَالتَقَى فِي الكَاظِمَةِ بِجَيشِ الفُرسِ بِقِيَادَةِ هُرمُز وَفِيهَا اِنتَصَرَ المُسلِمُونَ.
The Battle of Dhat Al-Salasil (12 A.H./633 A.D.) : The Muslim army under the command of Khalid bin Al-Walid marched to Iraq and defeated the Persians under the command of Hurmuz.
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غَزوَةُ مُؤتَة (8 هـ/630 م)
أَرسَلَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ كِتَابًا إِلَى شُرَحبِيل أَمِيرِ غَسَّان يَدعُوهُ إِلَى الإِسلَامِ فَهَزَأَ شُرَحبِيلُ مِن كِتَابِ النَّبِيِّ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ وَقَتَلَ سَفِيرَهُ الحَارِثَ بنَ عُمَيرٍ مِمَّا دَفَعَ النَّبِيَّ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ إِلَى تَجهِيزِ حَملَةٍ لِلرَّدِّ عَلَى هَذَا الِاعتِدَاءِ السَّافِرِ، فَاستَنجَدَ الغَسَاسِنَةُ بِالرُّومِ وَفِي هَذِهِ المَعرَكَةِ التَقَى المُسلِمُونَ بِقِيَادَةِ زَيدِ بنِ حَارِثَةَ بِجَيشِ الرُّومِ الَّذِي أَتَى لِنَجدَةِ شُرَحبِيل أَمِيرِ غَسَّانَ، وَفِي المَعرَكَةِ قُتِلَ زَيدُ بنُ حَارِثَةَ فَخَلَفَهُ جَعفَرُ بنُ أَبِي طَالِبٍ ثُمَّ عَبدُ اللَّهِ بنُ رَوَاحَةَ فَقُتِلَا فَانسَحَبَ المُسلِمُونَ مِن المَعرَكَةِ بِخُطَّةٍ تَوَلَّى خَالِدُ بنُ الوَلِيدِ تَنفِيذَهَا.
The Battle of Mutah (8 A.H./630 A.D.) : The Prophet (peace be upon him) sent a message to the Ghassanid governor Shurahbil calling him to Islam. Shurahbil, however, mocked the message and killed the Prophets messenger Al-Harith bin `Umair. In response to this brutal aggression, the Prophet (peace be upon him) sent Zaid bin Harithah at the head of an army to the Ghassanids, who asked the help of the Byzantines and were supported with a powerful army. The battle was fought in Mutah. Zaid bin Harithah was killed and was replaced by `Abdullah bin Rawahah and Ja`far bin Abi Talib who were also killed. Khalid bin Al-Walid voluntarily took command of the Muslim army and immediately realized that resuming the battle would mean the ruin of the Muslims. A skillful plan for withdrawal was quickly implemented.
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فَتحُ إِفرِيقِيَّةَ (تُونُس) (50 هـ/670 م)
بَعدَ أَن غَزَا عَدَدًا مِن تُخُومِ السُّودَانِ سَارَ عُقبَةُ بنُ نَافِعٍ إِلَى إِفرِيقِيَّةَ عَلَى رَأسِ جَيشٍ مُكَوَّنٍ مِن عَشَرَةِ آلَافِ مُقَاتِلٍ وَتَوَغَّلَ فِيهَا دُونَ مُقَاوَمَةٍ حَتَّى وَادِي القَيرَوَانِ حَيثُ بَنَى مَدِينَةَ القَيرَوَانِ.
Conquest of Ifriqiyah (Tunisia) (50 A.H./670 A.D.) : After a series of successful raids in Sudan, `Uqbah bin Nafi` led a Muslim army of ten thousand warriors, and headed to Ifriqiyah (Tunisia). Irresistibly advancing, he stopped at the Qairawan Valley, where he built the city of Qairawan.
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فَتحُ الأَسكَندَرِيَّةِ (21 هـ/641 م)
دَخَلَ المُسلِمُونَ إِلَى الأَسكَندَرِيَّةِ تَنفِيذًا لِمُعَاهَدَةِ بَابِليُونَ وَخَرَجَ جَيشُ الرُّومِ مِنهَا وَبَسَطَ المُسلِمُونَ سَيطَرَتَهُم عَلَى مِصرَ.
Conquest of Alexandria (21 A.H./641 A.D.) : The Babylon Treaty stipulated the handing of Alexandria over to the Muslims. The Byzantine forces left Alexandria and the whole of Egypt fell to the Muslims.
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فَتحُ الجَزَائِرِ (58 هـ/678 م)
خَرَجَ أَبُو المهاجرِ دِينَارٌ أَمِيرُ إِفرِيقِيَّةَ لِحَربِ قَبِيلَةِ (أوربة) الَّتِي يَتَزَعَّمُهَا (كُسَيلَة) وَالَّتِي كَانَت تُقَاوِمُ الفَتحَ الإِسلَامِيَّ بِتَحرِيضٍ مِن البِيزَنطِيِّينَ وَهَاجَمَ مَرَاكِزَهَا فِي المَغرِبِ الأَوسَطِ فَطَلَبَ كُسَيلَةُ الصُّلحَ وَأَعلَنَ إِسلَامَهُ فَتَقَدَّمَ أَبُو المهاجرِ وَاستَولَى عَلَى تِلِمسَان وَحَطَّمَ الحِلفَ بَينَ البَربَرِ وَالبِيزَنطِيِّينَ.
Conquest of Algeria (58 A.H./678 A.D.) : Abu Al-Muhajir Dinar, Emir of Ifriqiyah (Tunisia), went to fight the Berber tribe of Urbah, which was motivated by the Byzantines to stop Muslim conquests in Africa. The tribes chief, however, peacefully surrendered and embraced Islam. Abu Al-Muhajir then advanced, seized Tlemcen, and ruined the Berber-Byzantine alliance.
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فَتحُ السِّندِ (89 هـ/708 م)
وَجَّهَ الحَجَّاجُ صِهرَهُ مُحَمَّدَ بنَ القَاسِمِ الثَّقَفِيَّ لِفَتحِ السِّندِ وَأَمَدَّهُ بِسِتَّةِ آلَافٍ مِن جُندِ الشَّامِ إِضَافَةً إِلَى جَيشِهِ فَزَحَفَ إِلَى مكران فَفَتَحَهَا وَمَا بَعدَهَا وَقَاتَلَ دَاهِرًا مَلِكَ السِّندِ فَقَتَلَهُ ثُمَّ وَاصَلَ زَحفَهُ فِي نَوَاحِي السِّندِ وَانبَسَطَت يَدُهُ فِي البِلَادِ فَتحًا وَتَنظِيمًا.
Conquest of Sind (89 A.H./708 A.D.) : Al-Hajjaj, governor of Iraq, directed an army under the leadership of Muhammad bin Al-Qasim Al-Thaqafi to conquer Sind (in India). Muhammad crossed Makran (Baluchistan), defeated Dahir the King of Sind, invaded the Indus Valley, and conquered Sind.
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فَتحُ القُسطَنطِينِيَّةِ (857 هـ/1453 م)
وَفِيهَا اِستَطَاعَ السُّلطَانُ العُثمَانِيُّ مُحَمَّدُ الفَاتِحُ هَزِيمَةَ البِيزَنطِيِّينَ والِاستِيلَاءَ عَلَى القُسطَنطِينِيَّةِ عَاصِمَةِ الدَّولَةِ البِيزَنطِيَّةِ.
Conquest of Constantinople (857 A.H./1453 A.D.) : On the 29th of May 1453 A.D., the fall of Constantinople was the greatest enterprise undertaken during the reign of Sultan Mehmet II (known as Mehmet the Conqueror).
سَيَّرَ أَبُو بَكرٍ الجُيُوشَ لِمُحَارَبَةِ المُرتَدِّينَ وَالمُمتَنِعِينَ عَن أَدَاءِ الزَّكَاةِ، فَخَاضَت مَعَارِكَ ضَارِيَةً اِنتَهَت بِالقَضَاءِ نِهَائِيًّا عَلَى حَرَكَةِ الرِّدَّةِ وَرُضُوخِ المُرتَدِّينَ.
The Wars against the Apostates (11 A.H./632 A.D.) : Abu Bakr set out many Muslim armies to confront the apostates and those who refused to pay the Zakah (alms). The Muslim forces, being well-deployed, were successful in completing their task and eliminating the apostates.
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غَزوَةُ أُحُد (3 هـ/625 م)
تَوَجَّهَت قُرَيشٌ بِأَجنَادِهَا وَأَحلَافِهَا لِغَزوِ المُسلِمِينَ لِتَثأَرَ لِقَتلَاهَا فِي وَقعَةِ بَدرٍ وَالتَقَت مَعَهُم عَلَى سَفحِ جَبَلِ أُحُد وَاستَطَاعَ المُسلِمُونَ تَحقِيقَ النَّصرِ فِي البِدَايَةِ وَلَكِن عِندَمَا خَالَفُوا أَوَامِرَ الرَّسُولِ وَتَرَكُوا أَمَاكِنَهُم أَدَّى ذَلِكَ إِلَى حُدُوثِ ثَغرَةٍ فِي جَيشِ المُسلِمِينَ وَتَمَكَّنَ مِنهُم مُشرِكُو قُرَيشٍ.
The Battle of Uhud (3 A.H./625 A.D.) : The Quraish marched out of Mecca for revenge for their defeat at Badr. The Muslim army was encamped at Mount Uhud. The Muslims were victorious in the beginning, but when the archers left their positions, the tide of the battle turned, and the polytheists of the Quraish escaped the defeat.
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غَزوَةُ الأَبوَاءِ (2 هـ/624 م)
تُعتَبَرُ هَذِهِ الغَزوَةُ أَوَّلَ غَزوَةٍ لِلرَّسُولِ يَغزُوهَا فِي الإِسلَامِ، وَقَد فُرِضَ الجِهَادُ فِي الإِسلَامِ لِأَحَدِ أَمرَينِ: إِمَّا لِلدِّفَاعِ عَن النَّفسِ وَالعِرضِ وَالمَالِ وَالوَطَنِ، وَإِمَّا لِلدِّفَاعِ عَن الدَّعوَةِ إِلَى اللَّهِ إِذَا وَقَفَ أَحَدٌ فِي سَبِيلِهَا بِتَعذِيبِ مَن آمَنَ بِهَا أَو بِصَدِّ مَن أَرَادَ الدُّخُولَ فِيهَا أَو بِمَنعِ الدَّاعِي مِن تَبلِيغِهَا قَالَ تَعَالَى "وَقَاتِلُوا فِي سَبِيلِ اللَّهِ الَّذِينَ يُقَاتِلُونَكُم وَلَا تَعتَدُوا إِنَّ اللَّهَ لَا يُحِبُّ المُعتَدِينَ"، وَقَد شُرِعَ الجِهَادُ فِي السَّنَةِ الثَّانِيَةِ مِن الهِجرَةِ بَعدَ أَن اِشتَدَّ أَذَى قُرَيشٍ لِلمُسلِمِينَ وَوُقُوفِهَا فِي طَرِيقِ الدَّعوَةِ لِلإِسلَامِ فَأَنزَلَ اللَّهُ آيَةَ تَشرِيعِ الجِهَادِ "أُذِنَ لِلَّذِينَ يُقَاتَلُونَ بِأَنَّهُم ظُلِمُوا وَإنَّ اللَّهَ عَلَى نَصرِهِم لَقَدِيرٌ"، وَفِي تِلكَ السَّنَةِ خَرَجَ الرَّسُولُ مِن المَدِينَةِ غَازِيًا وَاستَعمَلَ عَلَى المَدِينَةِ سَعدَ بنَ عُبَادَة َ حَتَّى بَلَغَ ودان يُرِيدُ قُرَيشًا وَبَنِي ضَمرَةَ فَوَادَعَ بَنِي ضَمرَةَ ثُمَّ رَجَعَ إِلَى المَدِينَةِ.
The Expedition of Al-Abwa (2 A.H./624 A.D.) : This was the first expedition led by the Messenger in the Islamic era. Jihad [Fighting in the Cause of Allah] has been instituted by Islam for one of two reasons: first, to defend Muslims, their women, property or country; and second, to defend the Call to Allah if it is obstructed by someone; if the believers are persecuted; or if the preachers are impeded from conveying their call. Allah the Almighty says in the Holy Quran, "Fight in the cause of Allah those who fight you, but do not transgress limits; for Allah loveth not transgressors." (Surah Al-Baqarah, No. 2, verse 190). The obligation of Jihad was instituted in the second year after the Hijrah when the Quraish continued its hostility to the new religion, persecuting the believers and stopping in the way to the spread of Islam. The permission to fight was initialized by the Quranic verse, "To those against whom war is made, permission is given (to fight), because they are wronged; and verily, Allah is Most Powerful for the ir aid." (Surah Al-Hajj, No. 22, verse 39). The Prophet (peace be upon him) left Medina - appointing Sa`d bin `Ubadah as his deputy - and headed to the Quraish and Banu Damrah. He mad a treaty with the Banu Damrah.
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غَزوَةُ الحُدَيبِيَةِ (6 هـ/628 م)
مَنَعَت قُرَيشٌ النَّبِيَّ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ مِن دُخُولِ مَكَّةَ عِندَمَا جَاءَهَا مُعتَمِرًا وَمَعَهُ أَكثَرُ مِن 1400 مُسلِمٍ فَتَوَقَّفَ النَّبِيُّ فِي الحُدَيبِيَةِ وَأَرسَلَ عُثمَانَ لِلتَّفَاوُضِ مَعَهُمُ وَعِندَمَا تَأَخَّرَ عُثمَانُ عَن العَودَةِ ظَنَّ المُسلِمُونَ أَنَّ قَرَيشًا قَتَلَتهُ فَاستَعَدَّ الرَّسُولُ لِحَربِهِم فَبَايَعَهُ مَن مَعَهُ مِن المُسلِمِينَ عَلَى المَوتِ ثُمَّ مَا لَبِثَ أَن عَادَ عُثمَانُ وَتَمَّ الصُّلحُ مَعَ قُرَيشٍ.
The Expedition of Al-Hudaibiah (6 A.H./628 A.D.) : The Prophet (peace be upon him) and about 1400 of his followers headed for Mecca to perform `Umrah (Minor Pilgrimage). The polytheists of Mecca prepared to block the peaceful party from performing the `Umrah. The Prophet sent `Uthman bin `Affan as his envoy to the Quraish. However, the Quraishs capture of `Uthman led the Prophet (peace be upon him) to mobilize an army to fight them. Mediation efforts resulted in the Hudaibiah Treaty between the Quraish and Muhammad (peace be upon him).
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غَزوَةُ الخَندَقِ (5 هـ/627 م)
وَفِيهَا جَمَعَت قُرَيشٌ أَحلَافَهَا وَأَحزَابَهَا مِن القَبَائِلِ وَقَدِمَت المَدِينَةَ بِجَيشٍ عَظِيمٍ، وَقَد اِنضَمَّ إِلَيهَا يَهُودُ بَنِي قُرَيظَةَ وَلَم يَتَمَكَّن أَحَدٌ مِن اِقتِحَامِ المَدِينَةِ، وَصَدَّهُم عَنهَا خَندَقٌ حَفَرَهُ المُسلِمُونَ حَولَهَا.
The Battle of Al-Khandaq (the Trench) (5 A.H./627 A.D.) : The Quraish launched another attack on Medina to suppress the rising power of the Prophet and his followers. They allied with several Arab tribes in Hijaz. The Muslims dug a trench at the northern edge of Medina to protect the city. The polytheists could not penetrate the trench and went back in failure.
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غَزوَةُ السَّوِيقِ (ذُو الحِجَّةِ 2 هـ)
بَلَغَ النَّبِيَّ أَنَّ أَبَا سُفيَانَ جَهَّزَ حَملَةً لِحَربِ المُسلِمِينَ وَالِانتِقَامِ مِنهُم لِوَقعَةِ بَدرٍ، فَخَرَجَ النَّبِيُّ لِطَلَبِهِ حَتَّى إِذَا بَلَغَ (قرقرة الكدر) كَانَ أَبُو سُفيَانَ قَد عَادَ بِقَومِهِ إِلَى مَكَّةَ وَطَرَحَ صَحبُهُ مَا كَانُوا يَحمِلُونَ مِن سَوِيقٍ (زَادٍ) لِيَتَخَفَّفُوا مِنهُ طَلَبًا فِي النَّجَاةِ.
The Expedition of Al-Sawiq (2 A.H.) : It was reported to the Messenger that Abu Sufyan was preparing to attack the Muslims to take revenge after the defeat of the Quraish at the Battle of Badr. The Prophet made his preparation to meet them but when he reached Qarqarat Al-Kadr, he found that Abu Sufyan and his troops had retreated back to Mecca, leaving behind some of their provisions.
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غَزوَةُ بَدر (2 هـ/624 م)
أَمَرَ الرَّسُولُ فِي العَامِ الثَّانِي لِلهِجرَةِ بِاعتِرَاضِ قَافِلَةٍ لِقُرَيشٍ مَارَّةٍ بِنَاحِيَةِ المَدِينَةِ نَظَرًا لِتَعَسُّفِهِم الشَّدِيدِ مَعَ المُسلِمِينَ، فَجَهَّزَت قُرَيشٌ أَلفَ مُقَاتِلٍ وَخَرَجَت بِهِم نَاحِيَةَ الشَّمَالِ لِمُلَاقَاةِ المُسلِمِينَ بِبَدرٍ، عَلَى الرَّغمِ مِن أَنَّ جَيشَ قُرَيشٍ بَلَغَ ثَلَاثَةَ أَضعَافِ المُسلِمِينَ إِلَّا أَنَّ المُسلِمِينَ اِنتَصَرُوا عَلَى قُرَيشٍ اِنتِصَارًا عَظِيمًا.
The Battle of Badr (2 A.H./624 A.D.) : The Battle of Badr took place between the Quraish and the Muslims near the Well of Badr, which was located near Mecca. The Prophet decided that interrupting the trade of the Quraish would be an effective counterattack to their aggression against Muslims. He commanded the capture of a Quraish trade caravan passing near Medina, but the leader of the caravan, Abu Sufyan, managed to escape and called for assistance. The Quraish gathered over one thousand soldiers who marched north to confront the Muslims at Badr. Though the army of the Quraish was three times the size of the Muslim army, they were defeated and the Muslims achieved a glorious victory.
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غَزوَةُ بَنِي قُرَيظَةَ (5 هـ/627 م)
تَوَجَّهَ النَّبِيُّ صَلَّى اَللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ لِغَزوِ بَنِي قُرَيظَةَ لِنَقضِهِم عَهدَ النَّبِيِّ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ بِمُحَالَفَتِهِم قُرَيشًا فَحَاصَرَهُم فَاستَسلَمُوا وَطَلَبُوا أَن يَنزِلُوا عَلَى حُكمِ حَلِيفِهِم سَعدِ بنِ مُعَاذٍ فَقَضَى بِقَتلِ رِجَالِهِم وَسَبيِ نِسَائِهِم وَذَرَارِيهِم.
The Battle of Banu Quraizhah (5 A.H./627 A.D.) : The Messenger (peace be upon him) launched this battle to take revenge on the Banu Quraizhah who betrayed the Messenger and allied with the Quraish at the Battle of the Trench. The Messenger attacked and seized them. They were obliged to surrender and agree on the verdict of Sa`d bin Mu`adh - who was their ally. Sa`ds verdict was to kill their warriors and capture their women and children.
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غَزوَةُ تَبُوك (9 هـ/630 م)
جَهَّزَ الرَّسُولُ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ جَيشًا كَبِيرًا وَسَارَ بِهِ نَحوَ مُؤتَةَ يُرِيدُ أَن يَثأَرَ لِمَا حَلَّ بِالمُسلِمِينَ فِيهَا، وَلَمَّا وَصَلَ هَذَا الجَيشُ الكَبِيرُ إِلَى مَدِينَةِ تَبُوك وَعَسكَرَ فِيهَا وَعَلِمَ الرُّومُ بِقُدُومِهِ رَاعَهُم لِقَاءُ هَذَا الجَيشِ الكَبِيرِ وَتَحَصَّنُوا دَاخِلَ بِلَادِهِمُ، فَاكتَفَى الرَّسُولُ بِمَا أَحدَثَهُ مِن رَهبَةٍ دَاخِلَ قُلُوبِ الرُّومِ، وَعَقَدَ بَعضَ المُعَاهَدَاتِ مَعَ مُدُنِ الحُدُودِ عَلَى أَن يَبقَوا فِي أَرَاضِيهِم وَلَهُم حُرِّيَةُ العِبَادَةِ فِي مُقَابِلِ أَن يَدفَعُوا الجِزيَةَ.
The Battle of Tabuk (9 A.H./630 A.D.) : The Prophet (peace be upon him) gathered a great army and marched to Mutah. The army arrived at Tabuk and camped there. When the Byzantines were informed about this powerful army, they feared to encounter it and preferred to seek the protection inside their forts. Having intimidated the enemy and displayed the Muslim power, the Prophet (peace be upon him) concluded some treaties with bordering cities to the effect that they would stay in their land and enjoy freedom of religion in return for paying Jizyah [Tribute]. Then the Prophet went triumphantly back to Medina.
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غَزوَةُ حُنَينٍ (8 هـ/630 م)
التَقَى المُسلِمُونَ بِقِيَادَةِ النَّبِيِّ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ وَهَوَازِن بِقِيَادَةِ مَالِكِ بنِ عَوفٍ فِي وَادِي حُنَينٍ، فِي بِدَايَةِ المَعرَكَةِ كَادَ المُسلِمُونَ أَن يَنهَزِمُوا لَولَا ثَبَاتُ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ وَأَصحَابِهِ، وَانتَهَت المَعرَكَةُ بِانتِصَارِ المُسلِمِينَ نَصرًا مُبِينًا.
The Battle of Hunain (8 A.H./630 A.D.) : The Muslims, commanded by the Prophet, fought the Hawazin, commanded by Malik bin `Auf, at the Valley of Hunain. At first the Muslims were about to be defeated. However, the Prophet and the true believers proved patient and steadfast in fight, and they were victorious in the end.
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غَزوَةُ خَيبَر (7 هـ/628 م)
تَوَجَّهَ الرَّسُولُ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ لِغَزوِ يَهُودِ خَيبَر لِإِثَارَتِهِم الأَعرَابَ عَلَى المُسلِمِينَ فَفَتَحَهَا ثُمَّ صَالَحَ أَهلَهَا وَأَبقَاهُم فِي أَرَاضِيهِم عَلَى أَن يَدفَعُوا لَهُ الجِزيَةَ.
The Battle of Khaibar (7 A.H./628 A.D.) : The Prophet (peace be upon him) marched to the Jews at Khaibar because they incited some tribes against the Muslims. He conquered their city and concluded a treaty with the Jews of Khaibar to the effect that they would stay in their lands in return for paying Jizyah [tribute].
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غَزوَةُ دَومَةِ الجَندَلِ(5 هـ/627 م)
وَصَلَ إِلَى عِلمِ النَّبِيِّ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ أَنَّ بِدَومَةِ الجَندَلِ جَمعًا عَظِيمًا يُرهِبُونَ مَن يَمُرُّ بِهِم، فَخَرَجَ الرَّسُولُ بِأَلفٍ مِن المُسلِمِينَ حَتَّى وَصَلَ إِلَيهِمُ فَلَمَّا بَلَغَهَا تَفَرَّقَت الجُمُوعُ وَعَادَ إِلَى المَدِينَةِ.
The Battle of Daumat Al-Jandal (5 A.H./627 A.D.) : The Prophet was informed that some troops were attacking anyone who passed through Daumat Al-Jandal, so he went there with a thousand Muslims to fight them, but they fled away and the Messenger returned back to Medina.
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غَزوَةُ ذَاتِ الرِّقَاعِ (4 هـ/625 م)
وَفِيهَا تَوَجَّهَ النَّبِيُّ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ بِحَملَةٍ لِغَزوِ قَبِيلَتَي غَطفَانَ وَبَنِي سُلَيمٍ لِغَدرِهِم بِبَعثَةٍ كَانَ النَّبِيُّ أَرسَلَهَا إِلَى نَجد لِتَعلِيمِ أَهلِهَا شَعَائِرَ الإِسلَامِ فَقَتَلُوا أَكثَرَهَا وَلَم يَكُن بَينَ النَّبِيِّ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ وَبَينَهُم قِتَالٌ فِي تِلكَ الغَزوَةِ.
The Battle of Dhat Al-Riqa` (4 A.H./625 A.D.) : The Prophet commanded an expedition to the tribes of Ghatfan and Banu Sulaim as a reaction for their killing of most of the teaching mission he sent to them. Warriors of the two parties met but no fight took place.
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غَزوَةُ ذَاتِ السَّلَاسِلِ (12 هـ/633 م)
سَارَ الجَيشُ المُسلِمُ بِقِيَادَةِ خَالِدِ بنِ الوَلِيدِ إِلَى العِرَاقِ وَالتَقَى فِي الكَاظِمَةِ بِجَيشِ الفُرسِ بِقِيَادَةِ هُرمُز وَفِيهَا اِنتَصَرَ المُسلِمُونَ.
The Battle of Dhat Al-Salasil (12 A.H./633 A.D.) : The Muslim army under the command of Khalid bin Al-Walid marched to Iraq and defeated the Persians under the command of Hurmuz.
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غَزوَةُ مُؤتَة (8 هـ/630 م)
أَرسَلَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ كِتَابًا إِلَى شُرَحبِيل أَمِيرِ غَسَّان يَدعُوهُ إِلَى الإِسلَامِ فَهَزَأَ شُرَحبِيلُ مِن كِتَابِ النَّبِيِّ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ وَقَتَلَ سَفِيرَهُ الحَارِثَ بنَ عُمَيرٍ مِمَّا دَفَعَ النَّبِيَّ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيهِ وَسَلَّمَ إِلَى تَجهِيزِ حَملَةٍ لِلرَّدِّ عَلَى هَذَا الِاعتِدَاءِ السَّافِرِ، فَاستَنجَدَ الغَسَاسِنَةُ بِالرُّومِ وَفِي هَذِهِ المَعرَكَةِ التَقَى المُسلِمُونَ بِقِيَادَةِ زَيدِ بنِ حَارِثَةَ بِجَيشِ الرُّومِ الَّذِي أَتَى لِنَجدَةِ شُرَحبِيل أَمِيرِ غَسَّانَ، وَفِي المَعرَكَةِ قُتِلَ زَيدُ بنُ حَارِثَةَ فَخَلَفَهُ جَعفَرُ بنُ أَبِي طَالِبٍ ثُمَّ عَبدُ اللَّهِ بنُ رَوَاحَةَ فَقُتِلَا فَانسَحَبَ المُسلِمُونَ مِن المَعرَكَةِ بِخُطَّةٍ تَوَلَّى خَالِدُ بنُ الوَلِيدِ تَنفِيذَهَا.
The Battle of Mutah (8 A.H./630 A.D.) : The Prophet (peace be upon him) sent a message to the Ghassanid governor Shurahbil calling him to Islam. Shurahbil, however, mocked the message and killed the Prophets messenger Al-Harith bin `Umair. In response to this brutal aggression, the Prophet (peace be upon him) sent Zaid bin Harithah at the head of an army to the Ghassanids, who asked the help of the Byzantines and were supported with a powerful army. The battle was fought in Mutah. Zaid bin Harithah was killed and was replaced by `Abdullah bin Rawahah and Ja`far bin Abi Talib who were also killed. Khalid bin Al-Walid voluntarily took command of the Muslim army and immediately realized that resuming the battle would mean the ruin of the Muslims. A skillful plan for withdrawal was quickly implemented.
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فَتحُ إِفرِيقِيَّةَ (تُونُس) (50 هـ/670 م)
بَعدَ أَن غَزَا عَدَدًا مِن تُخُومِ السُّودَانِ سَارَ عُقبَةُ بنُ نَافِعٍ إِلَى إِفرِيقِيَّةَ عَلَى رَأسِ جَيشٍ مُكَوَّنٍ مِن عَشَرَةِ آلَافِ مُقَاتِلٍ وَتَوَغَّلَ فِيهَا دُونَ مُقَاوَمَةٍ حَتَّى وَادِي القَيرَوَانِ حَيثُ بَنَى مَدِينَةَ القَيرَوَانِ.
Conquest of Ifriqiyah (Tunisia) (50 A.H./670 A.D.) : After a series of successful raids in Sudan, `Uqbah bin Nafi` led a Muslim army of ten thousand warriors, and headed to Ifriqiyah (Tunisia). Irresistibly advancing, he stopped at the Qairawan Valley, where he built the city of Qairawan.
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فَتحُ الأَسكَندَرِيَّةِ (21 هـ/641 م)
دَخَلَ المُسلِمُونَ إِلَى الأَسكَندَرِيَّةِ تَنفِيذًا لِمُعَاهَدَةِ بَابِليُونَ وَخَرَجَ جَيشُ الرُّومِ مِنهَا وَبَسَطَ المُسلِمُونَ سَيطَرَتَهُم عَلَى مِصرَ.
Conquest of Alexandria (21 A.H./641 A.D.) : The Babylon Treaty stipulated the handing of Alexandria over to the Muslims. The Byzantine forces left Alexandria and the whole of Egypt fell to the Muslims.
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فَتحُ الجَزَائِرِ (58 هـ/678 م)
خَرَجَ أَبُو المهاجرِ دِينَارٌ أَمِيرُ إِفرِيقِيَّةَ لِحَربِ قَبِيلَةِ (أوربة) الَّتِي يَتَزَعَّمُهَا (كُسَيلَة) وَالَّتِي كَانَت تُقَاوِمُ الفَتحَ الإِسلَامِيَّ بِتَحرِيضٍ مِن البِيزَنطِيِّينَ وَهَاجَمَ مَرَاكِزَهَا فِي المَغرِبِ الأَوسَطِ فَطَلَبَ كُسَيلَةُ الصُّلحَ وَأَعلَنَ إِسلَامَهُ فَتَقَدَّمَ أَبُو المهاجرِ وَاستَولَى عَلَى تِلِمسَان وَحَطَّمَ الحِلفَ بَينَ البَربَرِ وَالبِيزَنطِيِّينَ.
Conquest of Algeria (58 A.H./678 A.D.) : Abu Al-Muhajir Dinar, Emir of Ifriqiyah (Tunisia), went to fight the Berber tribe of Urbah, which was motivated by the Byzantines to stop Muslim conquests in Africa. The tribes chief, however, peacefully surrendered and embraced Islam. Abu Al-Muhajir then advanced, seized Tlemcen, and ruined the Berber-Byzantine alliance.
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فَتحُ السِّندِ (89 هـ/708 م)
وَجَّهَ الحَجَّاجُ صِهرَهُ مُحَمَّدَ بنَ القَاسِمِ الثَّقَفِيَّ لِفَتحِ السِّندِ وَأَمَدَّهُ بِسِتَّةِ آلَافٍ مِن جُندِ الشَّامِ إِضَافَةً إِلَى جَيشِهِ فَزَحَفَ إِلَى مكران فَفَتَحَهَا وَمَا بَعدَهَا وَقَاتَلَ دَاهِرًا مَلِكَ السِّندِ فَقَتَلَهُ ثُمَّ وَاصَلَ زَحفَهُ فِي نَوَاحِي السِّندِ وَانبَسَطَت يَدُهُ فِي البِلَادِ فَتحًا وَتَنظِيمًا.
Conquest of Sind (89 A.H./708 A.D.) : Al-Hajjaj, governor of Iraq, directed an army under the leadership of Muhammad bin Al-Qasim Al-Thaqafi to conquer Sind (in India). Muhammad crossed Makran (Baluchistan), defeated Dahir the King of Sind, invaded the Indus Valley, and conquered Sind.
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فَتحُ القُسطَنطِينِيَّةِ (857 هـ/1453 م)
وَفِيهَا اِستَطَاعَ السُّلطَانُ العُثمَانِيُّ مُحَمَّدُ الفَاتِحُ هَزِيمَةَ البِيزَنطِيِّينَ والِاستِيلَاءَ عَلَى القُسطَنطِينِيَّةِ عَاصِمَةِ الدَّولَةِ البِيزَنطِيَّةِ.
Conquest of Constantinople (857 A.H./1453 A.D.) : On the 29th of May 1453 A.D., the fall of Constantinople was the greatest enterprise undertaken during the reign of Sultan Mehmet II (known as Mehmet the Conqueror).